Solve Physiology INICET 2022 1. What is the mechanism behind Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) which is used to relieve pain? Conditioned pain modulation Gate control theory Descending inhibition Central inhibition None 2. What does the zero pressure indicate in the pressure-volume curve? Functional residual capacity Residual volume Inspiratory reserve volume Tidal volume None 3. Which of the following parts of the body has a Countercurrent mechanism? Kidney Eye Gut Lungs Testes 1,3,4,5 1,2,3,4 2,3,4,5 1,2,4,5 None 4. The Physiological adaptation which does not happen at high altitudes is Pulmonary vasoconstriction Respiratory acidosis Polycythemia Hypoxia None 5. Substances and the process of transport across a membrane are given below, choose the correct combination: Oxygen: Simple diffusion Sodium: Voltage-gated channel Sodium: Secondary active transport Calcium: Active transport Glucose: Facilitated diffusion 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5 None 6. Match the following molecules with their carriers in plasma: 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-d 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a 1-a, 2-d, 3-b 4-c 1-a, 2-b, 3-c 4-d None 7. Which of the following ions given as A and B in the graph below represent in terms of permeability for action potential generation? A is K+, B is Ca2+ A is Na+, B is Ca2+ A is Na+, B is K+ A is Ca2+, B is K+ None 8. Myosin breaks the contact with actin filaments as a result of: Cessation of calcium release from sarcoplasm Conformational change in Troponin T Dissociation of ADP and Pi Attachment of ATP to myosin head None 9. If the pH is reduced from 7.4 to 7.3 with the PO2 being constant at 100 mmHg, which line would PCO2 follow? B C D A None 10. Transport of iron into enterocytes is done by which of the following proteins: Transferrin Ferroportin Hepcidin Divalent metal transporter - 1 None 11. Vessel X has a length of L and diameter of D and vessel Y has 2L and 2D. Considering the flow is laminar through both cylinders, the flow through Y is how many times as much as the flow through X? 4 times 8 times 16 times 32 times None 12. How is cerebral perfusion pressure calculated? Mean arterial pressure - intracranial pressure Systolic blood pressure + Intracranial pressure Systolic blood pressure - intracranial pressure Mean arterial pressure - intracranial pressure None 13. _______ fluid leaves the proximal convoluted tubule in the absence of antidiuretic hormone. Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Depends on fluid intake None 14. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate causes the unloading of oxygen to tissues by Decreasing ATP production Binding to the beta subunit of Hb Inhibiting a taut structure Increasing ATP production None 15. The parents notice that their child is tired and that he has shortness of breath on climbing stairs and while lying down. What is the first investigation that you would do? Chest x-ray Echocardiogram Spirometry MRI to rule out enlarged heart None 16. Arrange the following steps of ventricular action potential in the correct order Opening of voltage-gated calcium channels Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels Transient outward flow of potassium Repolarizing K+ currents 2,3,1,4 2,1,3,4 2,4,3,1 1,4,3,2 None 17. The graph below shows oxygen dissociation curves. What does the curve marked as '1' indicate? Methemoglobin Carboxyhemoglobinemia Fetal hemoglobin Myoglobin None 18. Which among the following organs has the least arteriovenous oxygen difference? Kidney Brain Liver Skin None 19. The signaling sequence in a type 2 membrane protein with N-terminal facing cytoplasm is located in? At the C-terminal At the N-terminal Inside the membrane Both inside the membrane and at C-terminal None 20. Which of the following primary second messengers is involved in the contraction of ciliary muscles while focusing on near objects? Na+ inflow through a channel cGMP CAMP IP3 None 21. The image shows changes in membrane potential during an action potential. The region marked between D to E is due to _________ Efflux of Na+ Influx of Na+ Efflux of K+ Influx of K+ None 22. What is the value of normal tissue oncotic pressure? 12 mmHg 32 mmHg 25 mmHg 54 mmHg None 23. Which of the following tissues are dependent on insulin for glucose uptake? Adipose tissue Brain Pancreas Muscle None 24. Macula densa is made of specialized cells located at: Junction of thick descendiing limb and PCT Junction of thick descending limb and DCT Junction of thick ascending limb and DCT Junction of DCT and collecting duct None 25. Which of the following can be used to calculate cardiac output? Ventilation-perfusion scan. Thermodilution. Fick's principle ECHO. 1,2,3 2,3,4 4,3,1 1,4,2 None 26. The second phase of saliva secretion involves: Passive Na+ reabsorption, active Cl- reabsorption, passive K+ secretion, active secretion of HCO3- Active Na+ reabsorption, passive Cl- reabsorption, passive K+ secretion, active secretion of HCO3- Active Na+ reabsorption, passive Cl- reabsorption, active K+ secretion, passive secretion of HCO3- Passive Na+ secretion, active Cl- reabsorption, active K+ secretion, passive secretion of HCO3- None 27. Match the given cellular components with their respective marker enzymes.    Cellular components    Marker enzymes Mitochondria                A. Catalase Peroxisomes                 B. Galactosyl transferase Golgi complex                C. Glucose-6-phosphatase Endoplasmic reticulum        D. ATP synthase 1-D,2-A, B-8, 4-C 1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-B 1-B, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A 1-C, 2-B, 3-A, 4-D None 28. What is the normal insensible water loss? 100 mL/hour 150 mL/hour 200 mL/hour 50 mL/hour None 29. A woman has vomiting whenever she eats spicy food. Arrange the sequence of events during vomiting Strong contractions in the stomach. Inspiration against a closed glottis. The lower esophageal sphincter is open and the Upper esophageal sphincter is closed. Relaxation of the pyloric sphincter. The lower esophageal sphincter opens and the Upper esophageal sphincter opens. Reverse peristalsis in the small intestine. 6,4,1,2,5,3 6,4,2,3,1.5 6,4,1,2,3,5 1,2,3,4,5,6 None 30. In the statements given below about sympathetic, parasympathetic, and motor nerves. Which of the following statements is true? Sympathetic efferents are distributed all over the body/ extensively whereas parasympathetic distribution is limited. Sympathetic fibers travel long distances after leaving the sympathetic chain before finally synapsing and then a shorter distance to effector organs Parasympathetic fibers travel a shorter distance to their respective ganglia which are located close to the target organs. Motor neurons are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord from where the axons come out and divide into several branches, each of which supplies an individual muscle fiber. 1,4 1,3 2,3 2,4 None 1 out of 30 Time's up
